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(b) Soviet efforts, and those of Russia's friends abroad, must be directed toward deepening and exploiting of differences and conflicts between capitalist powers. Conversely, no opportunity most be missed to reduce strength and influence, collectively as well as individually, of capitalist powers. (a) Everything must be done to advance relative strength of USSR as factor in international society. To what deductions do they lead from standpoint of Soviet policy? To following: These are more dangerous than out-and-out reactionaries, for latter at least march under their true colors, whereas moderate left-wing leaders confuse people by employing devices of socialism to seine interests of reactionary capital. (g) Among negative elements of bourgeois-capitalist society, most dangerous of all are those whom Lenin called false friends of the people, namely moderate-socialist or social-democratic leaders (in other words, non-Communist left-wing). In addition to hopelessly reactionary and bourgeois elements, it includes (1) certain wholly enlightened and positive elements united in acceptable communistic parties and (2) certain other elements (now described for tactical reasons as progressive or democratic) whose reactions, aspirations and activities happen to be "objectively" favorable to interests of USSR These last must be encouraged and utilized for Soviet purposes. (f) It must be borne in mind that capitalist world is not all bad. (e) Conflicts between capitalist states, though likewise fraught with danger for USSR, nevertheless hold out great possibilities for advancement of socialist cause, particularly if USSR remains militarily powerful, ideologically monolithic and faithful to its present brilliant leadership. (d) Intervention against USSR, while it would be disastrous to those who undertook it, would cause renewed delay in progress of Soviet socialism and must therefore be forestalled at all costs. Smart capitalists, vainly seeking escape from inner conflicts of capitalism, incline toward latter. Wars thus generated may be of two kinds: intra-capitalist wars between two capitalist states, and wars of intervention against socialist world. (c) Internal conflicts of capitalism inevitably generate wars. Greatest of them is that between England and US. These conflicts are insoluble by means of peaceful compromise. (b) Capitalist world is beset with internal conflicts, inherent in nature of capitalist society. Battle between these two centers for command of world economy will decide fate of capitalism and of communism in entire world." "In course of further development of international revolution there will emerge two centers of world significance: a socialist center, drawing to itself the countries which tend toward socialism, and a capitalist center, drawing to itself the countries that incline toward capitalism. As stated by Stalin in 1927 to a delegation of American workers: (a) USSR still lives in antagonistic "capitalist encirclement" with which in the long run there can be no permanent peaceful coexistence. Part 1: Basic Features of Post War Soviet Outlook, as Put Forward by Official Propaganda Machine Importance, particularly in view of recent events, that our answers to them, if they deserve attention at all, seem to me to I apologize in advance for this burdening of telegraphic channel but questions involved are of such urgent (5) Practical deductions from standpoint of US policy. (3) Its projection in practical policy on official level. (1) Basic features of post-war Soviet outlook. I hope, therefore, Dept will bear with me if I submit inĪnswer to this question five parts, subjects of which will be roughly as follows: Yielding to what I feel would be dangerous degree of over-simplification. Answer to Dept's 284, Feb 3 involves questions so intricate, so delicate, so strange to our form of thought,Īnd so important to analysis of our international environment that I cannot compress answers into single brief message without The Charge in the Soviet Union (Kennan) to the Secretary of State